Why Muslims excelled in geography ?D . Raghib ElserganyThe
word ( geographically ) Greek origin of the two sections , namely: Geo
(Geo) in the sense : "the land " and .. : Gravea (Grophia) , which
means : " description " .. and then came idiomatic definition of the
science of geography , expressing the requirements of the " Description
Earth" ;
is " aware of it recognize the conditions of the regions ( continents )
, located in the seven inhabited quarter of the football ground, and
the countries of the offers , and the length and the number of its
cities and mountains and Braraha and seas and rivers ... to the other
conditions of the quarter globe ."The
word geography somewhat in modern usage Arab ; where Arabs and Muslims
instead use terms such as : image of the earth , or ground , or a map
of the world , regions , or science tract and kingdoms , or
Orthodontics countries or learned ways.While
the Muslims were not the first lesson of geography , but they are -
unquestionably - were the first excelled in it, and we will discuss in
a future article , God willing, to the movement of the evolution of
geography and contributions of Muslims in it, as you will learn also
some eminent scientists who enriched the science including not imagine
creations , especially when considering the meager possibilities that
were available to them in their times ... but we want in this article
to put our hands on the objectives for which the Muslims paid attention
to the science of geography to this degree .Was
not aware of the emergence of geography among Muslims fluke , but there
were a number of reasons and factors that contributed to the emergence
and development of children , among them the following:1
- the spread of Islam : the combined intellect geographical spread of
Islam among Muslims in various parts of the ancient world in Garath
three , and the consequent differing characteristics of the
environments in which was overwhelmed by the Islamic religion ;
creating an urgent need to learn and gather information about these
specialized environments.2
- reflect on God's creation : where came the Koran statement many
phenomena deposited by God in the earth , he says: {And the earth
Mddnaha and we took the Roissy and Oneptna where everything is weighted
} , and says: { meadow Bahrain meet .. isthmus between them is not transgress
} , and says: { Did not make the earth CAFTA alive or dead and made the
Roissy Chamkhat and Osaganakm water Vrata } .. and so on. The
pioneers of geography , Muslims manage these texts incentive to
consider the greatness of the creation of the earth and components;
which has had the greatest impact in the enrichment of geographical
studies in Islamic civilization .3
- Requirements legitimacy : they adopted the bulk of the pillars of
Islam in their performance on the timings of time and space , and as
parts of the earth differ in timing of the temporal and spatial there
was need because interested scientists each state Islamic clarify these
matters to the general public ; prayer is held in times of a specific
time ; therefore status
of Muslim Scholars in all Qatar Islamic time limits for prayer , and
still the tools that are measured by the dates of prayer found in some
old mosques , and called for hours of solar , and it was to take care
of it the result of the entry of the time requirement for the
establishment of prayer , and that prayer receives the one hand ,
specific Kaaba in Mecca , so they must know the geographic trends to determine kiss prayer in every city or village ..Did
not differ as much in the fast which set performance limits of monthly
and limits daily .. and also has been associated with the Hajj and
Umrah Bmoaqat spatial Ihram which is different in dimensions of Mecca
by those who come from Muslims to perform the Hajj , and it was
necessary to know those places that are Ihram pilgrims of them do not
even consequent
upon breach overcome the legitimacy affect the health of worship ..
besides that Hajj is associated Bmiqat specific time frame : " Hajj
months information " which centered around the month of Dhu al-Hijjah ;
pilgrimage because of being linked to Arafat in the ninth day of the
month of Dhu al-Hijjah , it is death to stand Arafah - as it is known - has died pilgrimage , and so on ..4
- an interpretation of texts legitimacy : contributed to some of the
religious texts received per year in the revitalization of geographical
knowledge in an attempt to explain these texts , from the report
narrated by Muslim from Abu Hurayrah that the Messenger of Allah, peace
be upon him , said : " The Hour will not even frequently money
and flooding until the guy with zakaat money not find anyone Aqublhamnh
and even back Arab land meadows and rivers , " .. and the words of the
Prophet peace be upon him , which was narrated by Malik in Muwatta : "
I do not meet in the Arabian Peninsula Dinan , "and saying that Bukhari
from Ibn Abbas: " pulled
out the infidels from the Arabian Peninsula " ... Those texts and the
like showed an urgent need in the statement meant it ; to achieve what
was ordered by the Prophet peace be upon him , also created viewpoints
geographic limitation , texts previous example made to determine the
Arabian Peninsula contentious among
scientists, geographers , until he mentioned the four views , including
what is ample as a selection Ibn Hawqal and Alastchri , some of which
is tight as a selection Maqdisi and Aljehana , featured works as
important as ( recipe Arabian Peninsula ) to Hamdani , and ( Arab
countries ) to Hassan bin Abdullah al-Isfahani .5
- call to God and learn matters of religion : After opening the Islamic
countries there is a pressing need to learn the laws of religion ,
where the number of followers to travel to the country open to educate
their children in matters of religion , and an invitation to him , at
the same time , members of the inhabitants of that country to seek
knowledge of Headwaters that
appeared to Islam either in Mecca or Medina ; due to its cities from
the presence of senior companions and followers , and was a missionary
trips or scientific require knowledge of pathways leading to the areas
of the landing , and the methods of calling in an environment that can
not fit in every environment , and which contributed facilitate
communication in the lawsuit geographical location of the home the
message, studies have shown the geographical area of civilization to
the Arab Middle East to its geographical location was still moderate in
the regional and global relations , and so shares the role of mediation
on the part of business and the role of advocacy and communication on
the part of another .6
- administrative requirements and the military : grown Islamic state
reached its border from China in the east to Andalusia ( Spain ) to the
west within seventy years ago, and it was this growth is the outcome of
conquests in three disagreements Islamic ( caliphate , the Umayyad
Caliphate , and the Abbasid Caliphate ) . And requires the expansion of the state into account, inter associated with this expansion .. , including:A
- Area Management : When it became in most parts of the ancient world
under the command of the Islamic caliphate was a priority 'm interested
in how they were managing areas consistent with the potential
environmental and social characteristics of each country , and it was
being studied reports descriptive ( geographical ) primary by
conquerors to determine the best way to manage those countries , and
are those reports as a first nucleus of the evolution of trends in
regional studies .B
- financial commitments : systems of the Islamic religion collecting
money across multiple doors ; Vjpayh Zakat Taataan on affluent Muslims
, estimated abscess by the amount of land yield , which varies
depending on the environments in which the extension of Islam teachings
tolerant them , while taken tribute to dhimmis entrants in fever Islamic
state , for example, and what he had done Conclave of identifying
non-Muslim minorities in the framework of Islamic kingdoms .C
- to meet the needs of the regions of the important requirements :
associated with the provision of the needs of the areas of knowledge
geography that determines the priority in providing requirements for
U.S. residents Islamic ; example, road-building and facilitation of
general requirements that ensured by the succession, which Roy
attention so what entrusted Omar ibn al-Khattab himself saying:
"If the mule found in the land of Iraq to be in charge of them : Why
did not Aso her way? " , as desired most caliphs in knowing kingdoms
which became under their management that what he had done Caliph Omar
bin Abdul Aziz of writing to him in Andalusia asks him
to inform him in Andalusia and rivers , and in this statement of the
importance of the regional trend of geography in the Department of
State , and to identify the conditions and planning for the future.D
- Identify areas ideal for creating lines of defense of the Islamic
state : characterized by a state of Islam during its inception,
strength and stamina , but that did not stop thinking of defending the
Islamic nation - which stalked by enemies state of weakness , or
preoccupation with Muslims for jihad for the sake of Allah - finding
some points
that are centers for the defense of Islamic lands , has been chosen
some ground crossings ( stomata ) between the kingdoms of Islam and the
kingdoms of non-Muslim Christian was whether or not religious ; to be
bumpers to attack enemies , and the choice of these crossings comes
across geographical knowledge minute topography place . It
also invented the leaders points supply military semi-fixed - in the
case of the need to mobilize the largest possible number of Muslims for
jihad , or repel the attack aggressors - building cities hostilities in
different places .. and Basra and Kufa and Kairouan only models of
cities of war ; was chosen site City Kalkiroan carefully before Muslim
commander Uqba in the marginal piece of wet area and close to the area
dry and at the crossroads of moving in all directions with the
attention the existence of the fountains of water to ensure the growth
of the city , and in this statement of the importance of geographical
location in the direction of scientific requirements needed by the
Islamic state .7
- economic drivers : achieved a trade activation of knowledge
geographic Muslims as much as achieved by the spread of Islam in large
parts of the world ; trade is the craft 's main Arab societies where
the associated cities desert agricultural areas , and the fact that
traders Muslims after the spread of Islam extensive background about
the country around them through business
relationships , and made the trade data geographic much greater than
they were at the ancestors of other nations , and put at their disposal
widened the horizon of geographical ; making it writes about areas not
seen , but heard about all of the merchants , and has numerous business
relationships that were highlighted by those ties with India Southeast
Asia , China, Africa and Europe , but the impact of this factor in
building the basics of geographic business specialists among scientists
.Those
are the main motives for which the Muslims paid attention to the
science of geography , it is worth mentioning that this interest was at
the level of the caliphs and scholars alike ; While spent caliphs
generously to the scientific movement , and have created edifices
enormous scientific like a house of wisdom in Baghdad , and worked on
the revitalization movement translator
to take advantage of the previous efforts of the United ... scientists
devoted their lives and their thoughts and their time and money to
serve this important science , appeared to what is known in history
excursions . They
travel long and short made by scientists in all corners of the globe
to study the conditions of the ground, and led successfully to the
superiority of geography descriptive , also contributed to the
evolution of the geographical intercountry ( regional ) , where the
journey is the source of scientific for this kind of literature
geographical , representing journey bright side of geography Islamic
, in their bellies certain inexhaustible source of historical
information , economic and anthropological most regions of the Islamic
world , has adopted a senior Muslim geographers on a journey to collect
their information , or make sure that they have heard or transferred ,
Fsarua most countries that wrote it, and wrote books talked them about
their travels ; knew people from which many parts of the world were unknown before.You
will learn in the next article , God willing, on the side of the
tremendous achievements made by Muslim scholars in geography ...We ask God Almighty to glorify Islam and Muslims .
![صورة: أمطار من الحديد !
http://net4allah.blogspot.com/2014/02/blog-post.html
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هل تتصور عزيزي القارئ أن السماء يمكن أن تمطر حديداً بدلاً من الماء ؟ هذا ما كشفه العلماء فما قصة هذا المطر الحديدي ؟....
اكتشف العلماء جرماً يدعى جرم Luhman 16B ويبعد عنا 64 تريليون كيلومتر، ميزة هذا الجرم أن الغلاف الجوي له مليء بعنصر الحديد السائل.. هذا الحديد يتكثف مثل بخار الماء ثم ينزل على شكل أمطار حديدية!
وتشير نماذج الكمبيوتر التي صممها العلماء إلى أنه حين يبرد القزم البني تتشكل في غلافه الجوي قطرات تحوي حديداً ومعادن أخرى. ويقول العلماء إن هذه القطرات تتجمع في شكل سحب ثم تمطر.
والأقزام البنية هي أكبر من الكواكب التي في حجم كوكب المشترى، لكنها أصغر من أن يحدث فيها انصهار نووي، وهي عملية لازمة ليكتسب النجم بريقه. ويُطلق على الأقزام البنية أيضاً اسم "نجوم فاشلة" وهي تبدأ دورتها الكونية ساخنة تبعث ضوءا خافتاً، ثم تبرد تدريجياً.
تصل درجة حرارة السحب الحديدية إلى 927 درجة مئوية. واكتشف العلماء حتى الآن بضع مئات من الأقزام البنية. واخترع العلماء تقنية جديدة مكنتهم من رصد تغير درجة البريق على سطح الجرم.
وبعد هذا الاكتشاف المثير للانتباه أصبح إنزال الحديد من السماء على شكل أمطار واستقراره وتجمده ضمن كوكب ما ... هذه العملية أصبحت عادية ويتقبلها العلماء اليوم (2014) ولكن هذه الفكرة كانت مرفوضة قبل سنوات قليلة.
بكل بساطة القرآن أخبر عن عملية إنزال الحديد من السماء إلى الأرض، واستغرب الكثيرون هذه العملية واعتبروا أن القرآن كلام بشر، أو فيه خطأ علمي.. وسبحان الله، يسخر الله علماء من غير المسلمين ليثبتوا لنا إمكانية نزول الحديد من السماء!
يقول تعالى: (وَأَنْزَلْنَا الْحَدِيدَ فِيهِ بَأْسٌ شَدِيدٌ وَمَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ) [الحديد: 25]... فهذه الآية الكريمة تؤكد أن الحديد نزل إلى الأرض ويقول العلماء إن الأرض تعرضت خلال فترة تشكلها وعبر ملايين السنين إلى نزول الكثير من النيازك الحديدية التي ضربت الأرض واخترقت طبقاتها واستقرت في مركز الأرض، وذلك عندما كانت الأرض كرة ملتهبة في بداية تشكلها.
فعنصر الحديد لا يمكن أن يتشكل على الأرض لأن ذرة الحديد بحاجة لكمية هائلة من الطاقة حتى تتشكل وهذه الطاقة لا تتوفر إلا في النجوم البعيدة..وهكذا يتبين لنا دقة كلمات القرآن .
فسبحان الله!
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دمتم بخير.](https://fbcdn-sphotos-c-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-frc1/t1/s403x403/1012556_611547512227625_548705547_n.jpg)
